Intensification of constructed wetlands for land area reduction: a review

Intensification of constructed wetlands for land area reduction: a review

The large land area requirement of constructed wetlands (CWs) is a major limitation of its application especially in densely populated and mountainous areas. This review paper provides insights on different strategies applied for the reduction of land area including stack design and intensification of CWs with different aeration methods. The impacts of different aeration methods on the performa...

Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment: A Review

The first experiments on the use of wetland plants to treat wastewaters were carried out in the early 1950s by Dr. Käthe Seidel in Germany. The first full scale systems were put in operation during the late 1960s and since then constructed wetland systems have been spreading throughout the world. At present, there are several types of constructed wetlands used for wastewater treatment. Free wat...

A review on the sustainability of constructed wetlands for wastewater

Constructed wetlands (CWs) have been used as a green technology to treat various wastewaters for several decades. CWs offer a land-intensive, low-energy, and less-operational-requirements alternative to conventional treatment systems, especially for small communities and remote locations. However, the sustainable operation and successful application of these systems remains a challenge. Hence, ...

Large Constructed Wetlands for Phosphorus Control: A Review

This paper reviews aspects of the performance of large (>40 ha) constructed treatment wetlands intended for phosphorus control. Thirty-seven such wetlands have been built and have good data records, with a median size of 754 ha. All are successfully removing phosphorus from a variety of waters. Period of record median concentration reductions were 71%, load reductions 0.77 gP ̈m ́2 ̈year ́1, and ra...

Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment